Jimmy Hoffa, Legendary Teamsters Boss

Jimmy Hoffa was the controversial boss of the Teamsters Union when he became nationally famous for sparring with John and Robert Kennedy during televised Senate hearings in the late 1950s. He was always rumored to have substantial organized crime connections, and eventually served a sentence in federal prison. When Hoffa first became famous, he projected an aura of a tough guy who was fighting for the little guy. And he did get better deals for the truck drivers who belonged to the Teamsters. But rumors about his links to the mob always overshadowed whatever legitimate accomplishments he had as a labor leader. One day in 1975, a few years after his release from prison, Hoffa went out to lunch and disappeared. At the time it was widely believed he was planning a return to active involvement in the Teamsters, and it was widely assumed that he was the victim of a gangland execution. The search for Jimmy Hoffa became a national sensation and searches for his body have periodically popped up in the news ever since. The mystery about his whereabouts spawned countless conspiracy theories, bad jokes, and enduring urban legends. Early Life James Riddle Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913. His father, who labored in the coal industry, died of a related respiratory disease when Hoffa was a child. His mother and Hoffas three siblings lived in relative poverty, and as a teenager Hoffa left school to take a job as a freight worker for the Kroger grocery store chain. In Hoffas early union days he showed a talent for exploiting an opponents weakness. While still a teenager, Hoffa called a strike just as trucks carrying strawberries arrived at a grocery warehouse. Knowing the strawberries wouldnt keep for long, the store had no choice but to negotiate on Hoffas terms. Rise to Prominence The group Hoffa represented, known locally as the Strawberry Boys, joined a Teamsters local, which later merged with other Teamsters groups. Under Hoffas leadership, the local grew from a few dozen members to more than 5,000. In 1932, Hoffa moved to Detroit, along with some friends who worked with him at Krogers, to take a position with Teamsters locals in Detroit. In the labor unrest during the Great Depression, union organizers were targeted for violence by company goons. Hoffa was attacked and beaten, by his count, 24 times. Hoffa picked up a reputation as someone who wouldnt be intimidated. In the early 1940s  Hoffa began to establish links with organized crime. In one incident, he enlisted Detroit gangsters to  run off a rival union from the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Hoffas connections with mobsters made sense. The mob protected Hoffa, and the implicit threat of violence meant his words carried serious weight. In return, Hoffas power in the union locals let mobsters intimidate local business owners. If they didnt pay tribute, the truckers who made deliveries could go out on strike and bring business to a standstill. Connections with mobsters became even more important as the Teamsters amassed a vast amount of money from dues and payments into pension funds. That cash could finance mob ventures, such as the building of casino hotels in Las Vegas. The Teamsters, with Hoffas help, became a piggy bank for organized crime families. Sparring With the Kennedys Hoffas power within the Teamsters grew in the early 1950s. He became the unions top negotiator in 20 states, where he famously fought for the rights of the truck drivers he represented. The rank and file workers came to love Hoffa, often clamoring to shake his hand at union conventions. In speeches delivered in a gravelly voice, Hoffa projected a tough guy persona. In 1957, a powerful U.S. Senate committee investigating labor racketeering began to hold hearings focused on the Teamsters. Jimmy Hoffa came up against the Kennedy brothers, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, and his younger brother Robert F. Kennedy, a counsel to the committee. In dramatic hearings, Hoffa tangled with the senators, parrying their questions with streetwise quips.  And nobody could miss  the particular dislike Robert Kennedy and Jimmy Hoffa had for each other. When Robert Kennedy became attorney general in his brothers administration, one of his priorities was to put Jimmy Hoffa behind bars. A federal case against Hoffa finally did convict him in 1964. After a series of appeals, Hoffa began serving a federal prison sentence in March 1967.   Pardon and Attempted Comeback In December 1971, President Richard Nixon commuted Hoffas sentence and he was released from prison. The Nixon administration included a provision with the commutation that he not become involved with union activity until 1980. By 1975, Hoffa was  rumored to be exerting influence within the Teamsters while officially having no involvement. He told associates, and even a few journalists, that he was going to get even with those in the union and the mob who had betrayed him and helped send him to prison. On July 30, 1975, Hoffa  told family members he was going to meet someone for lunch at a restaurant in suburban Detroit. He never returned from his lunch date, and he was never seen or heard from again. His disappearance quickly became a major news story across America. The FBI and local authorities chased down countless tips, but actual clues were scant. Hoffa had vanished, and was widely assumed to have been the victim of a mob hit. Disappearance As a peculiar coda to such a tumultuous life, Hoffa became eternally famous. Every few years another theory of his murder would emerge. And periodically the FBI would receive a tip from mob informant and send crews to dig up backyards or remote fields. One supposed tip from a mobster grew into a classic urban legend: Hoffas body was rumored to be buried under the end zone of Giants Stadium, which had been built in the New Jersey Meadowlands at roughly the time Hoffa had disappeared. Comedians told jokes playing on Hoffas disappearance for years. According to a New York Giants fan site, sportscaster Marv Albert, while broadcasting a Giants game, said a team was kicking toward the Hoffa end of the stadium. For the record, the stadium was demolished in 2010, and no trace of Jimmy Hoffa was discovered under the end zones.

Business Accounting For Non Specialists - 1367 Words

THE UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS: ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE AB51022: BUSINESS ACCOUNTING FOR NON-SPECIALISTS ASSESSED COURSEWORK Essay subject: â€Å"Costs may be classified in a variety of ways, depending on their nature and the information needs of management. The analysis of total costs into its behaviour elements is essential for effective cost and management accounting† Theodorou Ilias 140022413 MSc International Business and Finance In every industry or company they key factor for the management are the costs. They are measured, analyzed and reported financially and non-financially. These information are provided for both management and financial accounting. Costs are classified in a†¦show more content†¦(Weetman, 2011, p. 457). On the other hand, variable cost are the costs that in total vary in direct proportion to changes in an activity driver (Hansen Mowen, 2009, p. 67). Therefore, variable costs are these which is taken in consideration for decision making. For instance, in health care the cost are divided in three categories (Health Service Costs, Costs borne by patients and their families and External costs borne by the rest of the society (Robinson, 1993). Health Service Costs includes costs that can be divided in fixed costs which remain the same whatever the level of activity (heating, lighting) and variable costs which differ according the level of activity (staff time). Additionally, an Env ironmental Management Accounting framework was applied, at the end of the year 2000, for the Mackenzie Paper Division paper mill. This company collects monthly data on costs and this figures are includes into the annual report. Costs are classified to variable like fibre, chemicals, electricity and other energy and to fixed costs, such as salaries, maintenance supplies, clothing, operating supplies and other expenses (Gale, 2006). The second type of classification is direct costs and indirect costs and it depends on costs traceable. Direct costs or manufacturing costs are these which are associated with the manufacture of a good. They are divided in direct materials, direct

A Study on Attrition Level Free Essays

string(51) " organization and for the organization to develop\." CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION Attrition our asset walk out of the door each evening, we have to make sure that they come back the next morning, says Narayana Murthy chief mentor of Infosys. Attrition meaning: â€Å"A reduction in the number of employees through retirement, resignation or death† The upshot, from an organization’s perspective, is greater staff turnover or, in some cases, the development of an ‘employee- retention problem’. It is increasingly hard and more expensive to find suitable replacements quickly when people leave, leading to inefficiencies and lost business opportunities. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on Attrition Level or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, because people are occupying more highly skilled jobs, greater potential damage is done to organizations when people leave. Precious accumulated knowledge and experience leaves through the front door with them when they go. Despite these truths about our contemporary business environment, many managers seem to find it hard to adjust. There remains a tendency to run organizations in quite an autocratic, inflexible, controlling kind of way. Unwanted staff turnover results because attractive, alternative job opportunities are more readily available, yet this rarely seems to lead to any kind of critical self-appraisal of the way we manage our people. The truth is that most times when there is an unwanted resignation it should be seen as an organizational failure. A valued asset in which the organization has invested time and resources has been lost. This should lead us to reflect on the causes, to think about how things could have been made to turn out differently, and to adjust our practices so that the chances of its happening again are reduced. However, such a response is rare. Instead, we brush aside the departure, blame everything and everyone but ourselves, and cheerfully resist the need to change the way we operate. In tight labour markets this just results in higher levels of unwanted staff turnover. Self-evidently, it is necessary to find out why people are leaving our organization before we can put in place measures to improve the employee-retention record. Individuals may choose to resign their jobs for many different reasons, but there is a tendency for some to be more significant than others among specific groups of employees or in certain organizations. Particular professions have evolved their own labour market dynamics, with the result that the leaving behavior displayed by some occupational species differs from that of others. Moreover, departures take different forms and occur in different patterns according to prevailing organizational circumstances, much depending on culture, management orientation and competitive position. With more and more stores opening each year and trading hours continually expanding, employees with the right skills and experience have little difficulty to find new employment. If people become unhappy in their jobs, they do not need to stay around trying to sort problems out. Instead they go and work elsewhere. Aside from its relative fluidity, the retail labour markets have other characteristics that make it rather different from others. Many are attracted to the industry by the hours of work and want hours that allow them to work around those of their partners. Why do employees leave the organization? There are a number of reasons for employees leaving the organization. Well, the most obvious reason for employees leaving any organization is higher pay. The main problem here is that employees are moved from one location to another location along with their family. But this problem is taken care of by a salary hike which may be around 20%-35% per annum. Another factor is work timings. In some organizations, work timings are such that they are making employees leave the organization. Another factor is career growth. In many organizations, only 20% of employees are able to go to senior levels. This means that the remaining 80% of employees look for other organization where they can get opportunities for growth. One more reason for leaving the organization is higher education. These days, in many organizations, employees are joining at very young age because of lucrative salaries being offered. But with time, they apply for higher education and try to move on to other organizations or sectors to occupy top management positions. The percentage of women workers is also responsible for higher attrition rate. These days, the percentage of women workers is around 30%. Generally, women workers leave the organization after marriage to take up their house-hold duties, irregular work hours. 80% of employee urnover can also be attributed to the mistakes during hiring process. Other factors include accident making the worker permanently incapable of doing work, dislike for the job or place, unsatisfactory work conditions leading to strained work relationships with the employer; lack of security of employment et al also contribute for higher attrition rate. Cost of attrition There are a number of costs which are incurred by a BPO when they hire any new employee these costs can be in terms of monetary or can be in terms of monetary or can be in terms of time wasted or any other intangible things. Some of these costs can be as stated below:- 1. Hiring or Recruitment Costs: Costs of advertisement, agency costs, employee referral costs, internet posting costs, etc 2. Training Costs: Induction program costs, lodging costs during that period, orientation material costs and cost of person who conducts orientation 3. Low Productivity Costs: As new employee is learning new job, company policies, etc. , they are not fully productive. 4. New Hiring Costs: Cost of bringing new person aboard, time taken in understanding the job of the employee who left and other perks given. 5. Low Sales Cost: Experience and the contacts that were lost, time for which the position was vacant and other such things which result in either loss of customers or lower sales. Role of HR Department: Attrition Rate is good for the organization as long as the rate is at normal level. This will help the organization to get new blood into the organization and for the organization to develop. You read "A Study on Attrition Level" in category "Essay examples" But it becomes a problem when the attrition rate is abnormal. Therefore, HR Department has the most crucial role to play in any organization. At the time of conducting interviews, the HR personnel try to bring right candidate to the right job. Similar is true even when the attrition rate is abnormal, so they have a very crucial role to play. Following are some of the tips to reduce attrition rate: – Hiring individuals who are truly fit to succeed in the position for hire will dramatically increase the chances of that employee being satisfied with his or her work, and remaining with the company for an extended period of time. Employees should not only be selected on the basis of communication skills and educational qualifications. Communication of employee’s roles, job description and the responsibilities within the organization, new policies will help to retain employees. Participative Decision Making – It is incredibly important to include employees in the decision making process, especially when decisions are related to employees. This can help to generate new ideas and perspectives that top management might never have thought of. Sharing of Knowledge with Others – Allow the members to share their knowledge with others. This helps in retention of information. This also lets a team member know that he is a valuable member of the organization. Similarly, facilitating knowledge sharing through an employee mentoring program can be equally beneficial. Shorten the Feedback Loop – This helps the employees to know the feedback to their work within a short period. This also helps to keep performance levels high and reinforce positive behavior among employees. Pay Package – Any employee wants to be appropriately paid and fairly for the work he or she does. For this, conduct a research to find out the pay package in other similar type of organizations at regional as well as at national levels. Balance Work ; Personal Life – No doubt family is exceptionally important to employees. When work begins to put pressure on one family, no pay package will keep an employee in the organization. Therefore, there should be a balance between work and personal life. Small gestures like allowing an employee to take an extended lunch once a week to watch his son’s cricket game will result in loyalty and helps to retain the employee. Organizational Culture – Try to select the candidates who believe in the organization culture and adopt with ease to organization culture. Exit Interview with the employees who are leaving the organization will help the organization to find out the reasons why the employees are leaving the organization. This will also help to find out any drawbacks in the organization. Another method to reduce attrition rate is that they should find out why employees are leaving the organization from the employees who are working for the past so many years. Motivational Training – It is sure that motivational training helps to retain the employees. One of the crucial aspects to motivate employees is to ensure that they have ample growth opportunities which can be provided through training. Multi-Tasking – One of the ways to retain the employees in the organization is try to get people with different qualities ike smart, adaptable, and capable of multi-tasking. Referrals – Another technique is to try to get the employees hired through referrals. This makes them stick with the organization. No Favoritism – One of the surest ways to create animosity and resentment in an organization is to allow favoritism and preferential treatment towards an employee. Be sure to treat all e mployees equally and avoid favoritism at all costs. ATTRITION RATE: There are a number of reasons for employees leaving the organization. Well, the most obvious reason for employees leaving any organization is higher pay. The main problem here is that employees are moved from one location to another location along with their family. But this problem is taken care of by a salary hike which may be around 20%-35% per annum. Attrition Rates in Different Sectors in India During 2007: The attrition rates in different sectors for the year ended 2007 are shown in the following table: – Sector | Attrition Rate| FMCG| 17  Ã‚  | Manufacturing| 20  Ã‚  | Capital Goods| 23  Ã‚  | Construction| 25  Ã‚  | Non Voice BPO| 25  Ã‚  | IT – ITES| 27  Ã‚  | Telecom| 30  Ã‚  | Pharmaceuticals| 32  Ã‚  | Bio Technology| 35  Ã‚  | Services| 40  Ã‚  | Financial| 44  Ã‚  | Aviation| 46  Ã‚  | Retail| 50  Ã‚  | Voice – Based BPO| 50  Ã‚  | Source: Times of New York | | Benefits of Attrition: Good attrition minimizes the adverse impact on business. Desirable attrition includes termination of employees with whom the organization does not want to continue a relationship. It can be through resignation or by the employer. The benefits are: – * Removes bottle-neck in the progress of the company. * Creates space for the entry of new talents, external as well as internal. * Helps planting â€Å"ambassadors† in the eco-system who can have a positive impact on the growth of the organization. * Assists in evolving high performance teams. Infuses new blood into the organization. * Enhances ability for execution. * New thoughts, ideas, and hence, more innovation and creativity at work. * Knowledge of best practices from across the industry is brought in. * It is also an opportunity to induct employees at a lower cost with fresh skills and competencies aligned to the current need o f business. Worst effects of attrition: * Loss of knowledge capital. * Delay in execution of projects / assignments. * Loss of production. * Increasing cost of recruitment. * Impact on employer brand. * Burden and burn-out on existing employees. Internal information and knowledge is being shared outside. * Existing team also gets de-focused / de-motivated for sometime. Reasons for leaving Pull factors The major causes of employee turnover fall into four categories: ‘pull-type’ causes, ‘push-type’ causes, unavoidable causes, and situations in which the departure is initiated by the organization rather than by the employee. Each is fundamentally different from the other and demands a different type of organizational response when it is identified as the major explanation for turnover among members of particular occupational groups. Pull-type resignations occur when the major cause is the positive attraction of alternative employment. The employee concerned may be wholly satisfied with his or her existing organization and happy in the job, but nonetheless decides to move on in search of something even better. It may be a higher rate of pay, a more valued benefits package, more job security, better long-term career opportunities, and a less pressured existence, the opportunity to work overseas, a shorter journey to commute or more convenient hours of work. Push factors By contrast, in the case of push factors the major underlying cause of resignations is the perception that something is wrong with the existing employer. The person concerned may move in order to secure a ‘better job’, but he or she is as likely to join another organization without knowing a great deal about it just because he or she no longer enjoys the current one. In doing so the hope is that working life will improve, but there is no guarantee that it will. A range of different push factors can be identified, ranging from a dislike of the prevailing organizational culture to disapproval of changed structures and straightforward personality clashes with colleagues. Perceptions of unfairness often underlie these types of departure, but they can also occur simply because the employee is bored or generally fed up with the day-to-day work. He or she thus starts looking for something (or anything) different, and leaves on finding a suitable alternative. In the more extreme cases of dissatisfaction people leave before securing another position. Unavoidable attrition This category comprises reasons for leaving which are wholly or mainly outside the control of the organization. The resignation does not occur because of dissatisfaction with the job, or the perceived opportunities provided elsewhere, but for reasons that are unconnected to work in any direct sense. The most common is retirement, which affects almost everyone at some stage, but there are many others too. Illness is often a cause, because it incapacitates either the employee or a relative for whom he or she has caring responsibilities. Maternity is another reason woman often preferring not to return to the same job after their leave, either to take a break from work altogether or in order to secure a job that makes it easier for them to combine work with childcare arrangements. Involuntary attrition Final major category includes departures which are involuntary and initiated by the organization. The employee would have remained employed had he or she not been asked or required to leave. Redundancies clearly fall into this category, along with short-term layoffs, the ending of fixed-term contracts and other dismissals of one kind or another. Many resignations are also in fact largely involuntary because people often prefer to ‘jump before they are pushed’. Someone who knows she is to he made redundant in a few months therefore seeks alternative employment ahead of time, while a colleague who believes his employment will soon be terminated on grounds of poor performance secures another job before being formally dismissed. Although such turnover can sometimes be characterized as ‘functional’ rather than ‘dysfunctional’, it still carries a cost and is thus best avoided where possible. Table 1. 1. Attrition rates in the world Country| Percentage| US| 42| Australia | 29| Europe| 24| India| 18| Global Average| 24| * Source-Times News, New York 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Primary objective: 1. Find out the attrition level in XXX retail limited. Secondary objectives: 1. To study causes for attrition. 2. To find out the retention strategies adopted. 3. To study the satisfactory level of employees. 4. To analyze the effect of attrition. 5. To offer suggestions to reduce attrition. 1. 4 Need for the study 1. More time is spent recruitment and selection. 2. The trained employees must be retained. 3. Study concentrates the reasons for attrition. 4. The various dimensions analyzed and solutions offered for attrition 1. 5 Scope of the study The purpose of the research is to identify and prioritize work place related factors that trigger â€Å"job switch or attrition among XXX Fresh Limited employees†. Employee retention is therefore important in a business’s ability to keep the most talented people in the organization and avoid unwanted turnover. So that the respondents could stay in the same Organization, and attrition rate could also be reduced. 1. 6 Limitation of the study 1. Opinion and perception of the employees changes over a period of time. 2. The respondents are not cooperative to answer the question. 3. Some of the respondent may not agree with the statement 4. Since the respondents are very busy, they are hurry and unable to spare much time with the researcher. CHAPTER 2 Review of literature 1. Title: Studied on Attrition at the presidency kid leather shoe Division Author- Balakrishnan Date- October 1994 ABSTRACT: Studied on Attrition at the presidency kid leather shoe Division. The sample size is 40 and used simple random sampling technique. He found that the manufacturing unit is not satisfied with basic needs like nature of the work, income level etc. He also insisted that proper performance appraisal system does not exist in that Organization. The researcher suggested for policy development, good performance management system, need analysis, career planning, counseling, etc. 2. Title: Studied on employee Attrition at Satyam Computers Author- Bharathan Prahalad Date- November 2000 ABSTRACT: Bharathan Prahalad(2000) studied on employee Attrition at Satyam Computers. The sample size is 30 and he used questionnaire method. The result of the study shows that the need for promotions, need for consumer loans, need for salary revision. The researcher suggested for training sessions, overseas opportunity for the employees, Employee stock option, good work environment, flexi timings, recreation etc. Attrition rate, attrition causes. 3 . Title: Study on influence of HR practice on Retention of Talent at Cyber Korp India Author- Mohamed Habeeb Date- March 2005 ABSTRACT: Mohamed Habeeb (2005) made an attempt to study on influence of HR practice on Retention of Talent at Cyber Korp India. The scope of the study was restricted to the employees of Cyber Korp India. The scope of the study was restricted to the employees of Cyber Korp. The objective is to identify the various causes for attrition in the Company and the influence of HR practices on retention of talents. The researcher used descriptive method on the primary data collected from the study unit. The researcher, using interview schedule collected the data on retention. The sample size is 50 selected at random. The result of the study shows that the female employees have high mentor relationship than male employees in that Organization. Male employees show high interest in team work than female. Experienced employees have less mentorship. Researcher suggested that compensation is the key area of retention, and also suggested for restructuring of the salary levels. To adopt for best HR practices such as Training, mentoring, Career mapping, Performance appraisal and feedback system. 4 . Book: Love Employees or Lose Employees: Getting Good People to Stay Author- Beverly Kaye, Sharon Jordan-Evans Publisher – Berrett-koehler Publishers Date- January, 2008 They underlined that employee retention is a process in which the employees are encouraged to remain with organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of the project. Employee retention is beneficial for the organization as well as the employee. Employees today are different. They are not the ones who don’t have good opportunities in hand. As soon as they feel dissatisfied with the current employer or the job, they switch over to the next job. It is the responsibility of the employer to retain their best employees. If they don’t, they would be left with no good employees. A good employer should know how to attract and retain its employees. Retention involves five major things such as Compensation, Good environment, Growth, Relationship and Support. Book: 5 . Article: Keeping Good People Author- Roger Herman Publisher – Academy of Management Review Date- January, 2008 ABSTRACT: In his review the author says that â€Å"Employee retention involves being sensitive to people’s needs†. Employee attrition is running wild in today’s tight labor market; however, the companies that keep their employees have found that what matters most is not the pay, benefits, or perks, but the quality of the relationship between employees and their direct supervisors. The bottom line is that people leave managers, not companies. . Article: Intra organizational and inter organizational job change Publisher – Journal of business and psychology Date- December, 1996 ABSTRACT: Quality of employment survey panel data to compare the determinants of intra organizational and inter organizational job change. To discriminant function were significant, the first distinguishing between intra organizational changers and stayers and the second between inter organizational changers and stayers. 7 . Article: Employee attrition and retention strategies Publisher – INDIAN EXPRESS NEWSPAPER Date- September 16, 2006 ABSTRACT: The HR managers have been facing a tough time finding a suitable replacement with required experience and ability, to fill up the vacancies created on account of exit of key employees. The reasons can be varied like shortage of skilled manpower, growth in opportunities as a result of economic reforms and liberalized policies pursued by successive governments. 8 . Title: Employee retention needs a proper strategy Author- DR,Saurabh Guptha Date- October 2003 Abstract : The study revealed that the employee retention involves being sensitive to peoples needs and demonstrating the various strategies in the five families detailed in Roger Herman’s Classic book on employee retention, keeping good people. Employee attrition is running wild in today’s tight labor market. However, the companies that keep the employees have found that what matters most is not the pay, benefits or perks, but the quality of relationship between and the direct supervisors. The bottom line is that people leave managers not companies. Control and ownership an approach of being an advisor is necessary to maintain effective and satisfactory control over employees. The value of recognition successful organization realizes employee retention and talent management are integral to sustaining their leader ship and their growth in the market place. Becoming an employee of their choice by retaining the high caliber employees in today’s labor market should be the highest priority CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Methodology is defined as the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is a plan or frame work for doing the tudy and collecting the data. Research Methodology minimizes the degree of uncertainty involved in management describes research is characterized by systematic, objective, reproducible, relevant and control. This project is a study marked by promulgation of research questions. The investigator already knows the substantial amount the research problems before the pr oject is initiated. 3. 1. 1Research Design The researcher followed analytical research design. 3. 1. 2Sampling As it was not possible to collect the information from the whole population so sampling method is adopted. Stratified random sampling method is used. Totally 120 questionnaires were prepared for employee survey. 3. 1. 2. 1 Sample Area The sample area means that place where the survey has been conducted. The sample area was XXX Retail limited, Chennai. 3. 1. 3Sampling Procedure The sampling procedure is used of the study is questionnaire method. The type of question is close ended as well as open ended question. Used by the researcher. 3. 1. 4Sample size Population of this study consist of the employee of XXX Retail limited, Chennai. The total population of the company is 1140, sample of 120 employees were taken for the study.. 3. 2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD The task to data collection method often a research problem has been designed and research design chalked out. 3. 2. 1Primary Data Primary data are those, which are collected fresh and for the first time for the collection as primary data a sample survey method was used in the study. Personal interview was conducted with the help of a questionnaire prepared for the survey. 3. 2. 2 Secondary data Data which was not originally collected rather obtained from published or unpublished source are known as secondary data. 3. 2. 4Statistical Tools The analysis of the collected data is the most important part of any research o get the interpretation for the project. According to this project, there will be three statistical tools are used. They are, 1. Chi-square test. 2. Weighted average test. 3. Spearman rank correlation. 3. 2. 4. 2CHI-SQUARE TEST: Chi-square testis used to compare the relationship between the two variables. OBJECTIVES: 1. To recognize situations requiring the comparison of more that two means or proportions. 2. To use chi-square distribution to see whether two classifications of the source data are independent of each other. 3. To use chi-square distribution for confidence intervals and testing hypothesis about a single population variance. . To use chi-square test to check whether a particular collection of data is well described by a specified distribution. Chi-square test allows us to do a lot more than just test for the quality of several proportions. If we classify a population into several categories with respect to two (2) attributes, we can than use a chi square to determine whether the two (2) attributes are independent of each other. This is used to test the difference observed between two columns of number found in two distinct categories. A chi-square can be used when data satisfy four conditions. 1. There must be two observed sets of data or one observed set of data and our expected set of data. 2. The two set of data must be based on the same sample size. 3. Each cell in the data contain an observed or expected count of five or larger. 4. The different cells in a row or column must represent categorical variables. DEGREE OF FREEDOM: (Number of Rows-1) * (Number of Columns-1) (Oi – ei) Ei Oi = Observed Value. Ei = Expected Value. N = Total Number of Observations. Ei = Row Total * Column Total N Chapter -4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Respondents Age Distribution Table-4. 1: Respondents Age Distribution Particulars | No. of respondents| percentage| 18 – 25| 24| 20| 26 – 35| 56| 46. 67| 36 – 45| 27| 22. 5| Above 45| 13| 10. 83| Total| 120| 100| Figure-4. 1: Respondents Age Distribution Inference It can be seen that merely half of the respondents were between the age group of 26-35 years. Respondent marital status TABLE 4. 2 – Respondents marital status Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Married| 82| 68. 33| Unmarried| 38| 31. 67| Total| 120| 100| Figure-4. 2 – Respondents marital status Inference It can be inferred that 3/4th of the respondents were married. Respondents Educational Qualifications Table 4. 3 – Respondents Educational Qualifications Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| UG| 32| 25. 83| ITI| 18| 15| PG| 67| 55. 83| Others| 3| 2. 5| Total| 120| 100| Figure-4. 3 – Respondents Educational Qualifications Inference It can be inferred that more than half of the respondent were qualified post graduates it’s a good sign for the organization. Respondents Work Experience Table -4. 4 – Respondents Work Experience Particulars| No. of respondent| Percentage| 0 – 2 years| 48| 40| 3 – 5 years| 53| 44. 17| 6 – 8 years| 17| 14. 17| Above 8 years| 2| 1. 66| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. – Respondents Work Experience Inference It can be seen that almost of the respondents were between the experience level below 5 years. Respondents understanding towards the job Table 4. 5 – Respondents understanding towards the job Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Not at all| 0| 0| Not really| 8| 6. 67| Some what| 33| 2 7. 5| Pretty much| 45| 37. 5| Totally| 34| 28. 33| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. 5 – Respondents understanding towards the job Inference It can be seen clearly that almost all of the respondents were understand their job well. Respondent reason for dissatisfaction Table 4. 6 – Respondent reason for dissatisfaction Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Work pressure| 31| 25. 83| Management decisions| 18| 15| Work environment| 6| 5| Pay structure| 48| 40| Others| 17| 14. 17| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. 6 – Respondent reason for dissatisfaction Inference It can be clearly seen that merely half of the respondents feels that pay structure makes them dissatisfied. Respondent opinion about the management steps Table 4. 7 – Respondents opinion about the management steps Particulars | No. of respondents| Percentage| Not at all| 21| 17. 5| Some what| 42| 35| Average| 36| 30| Really good| 21| 17. 5| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. 7 – Respondents opinion about the management steps Inference It has been clearly observed that 2/3rd of the respondents feel that the management steps were somewhat satisfactory for them. Respondent’s opinion about the internal improvements needed in organization Table 4. 8 Respondents opinion about the internal improvements needed in organization Particulars | No. of respondents| Percentage| Employee motivation| 22| 18. 34| Working environment| 18| 15| Monetary benefit| 46| 38. 33| Others| 34| 28. 33| Total| 120| 100| Figure – 4. Respondents opinion about the internal improvements needed in organization Inference It can be inferred that 2/3rd of the respondent’s feels monetary benefits is to be improvements. Respondent’s opinion about the external improvements needed in organization Table 4. 9 Respondents opinion about the external improvements needed in organization External impro vements| No. of respondents| Percentage| Innovative technology| 18| 15| External training programs| 47| 39. 17| New products| 12| 10| Others| 43| 35. 83| Total| 120| 100| Figure – 4. 9 Respondents opinion about the external improvements needed in organization Inference It can be clearly seen that most of the respondents feels that external training programs should be conducted Respondent’s opinion about retention strategy Table 4. 10 – Respondents opinion about retention strategy Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Hiring suitable person| 18| 15| Allowing in decision making| 9| 7. 5| Good compensation| 42| 35| Good communication| 12| 10| Exit interview| 39| 32. 5| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 10 – Respondents opinion about the retention strategy Inference It is clearly inferred that merely half of the respondents feels good compensation is the best strategy for retention. Respondent’s opinion about learning new things Table – 4. 11 Respondents opinion about learning new things Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| More| 67| 55. 83| Less| 19| 15. 83| No| 34| 28. 34| Total| 120| 100| Figure – 4. 11 Respondents opinion about learning new things Inference It can be inferred that more than half of the respondents feels that they can learn more new things. Respondent’s opinion about communication between the superior Table 4. 12 – Respondents opinion about communication between the superior Particulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Yes| 73| 60. 83| No| 47| 39. 7| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. 12 – Respondents opinion about communication between the superior Inference It can be clearly observed that most of the respondent’s feels that they can communicate with their superiors at any time Respondent’s opinion about promotion method Table 4. 13 – Respondents opinion about promotion method Pa rticulars| No. of respondents| Percentage| Yes| 83| 69. 17| No| 37| 30. 83| Total| 120| 100| Figure 4. 13 – Respondents opinion about promotion method Inference It can be inferred that 3/4th of the respondents feels that their promotion is given based on their skills. Respondent’s opinion about stress Table 4. 14 – Respondent’s opinion about stress Particulars | No. of respondents| Percentage| Highly agree| 12| 10| Agree| 17| 14. 17| Neutral | 29| 24. 16| Disagree| 38| 31. 67| Highly disagree| 24| 20| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 14 – Respondent’s opinion about stress Inference It is clearly inferred that more than half of the respondents disagree that they having stress in their work. Respondent’s opinion about recreational facilities Table 4. 15 – Respondents opinion about recreational facilities Particulars | No. of respondents| Percentage | Highly satisfied| 10| 8. 33| Moderately satisfied| 20| 16. 67| Neutral | 49| 40. 83| Moderately dissatisfied| 23| 19. 17| Dissatisfied | 18| 15| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 15 – Respondents opinion about recreational facilities Inference It can be clearly seen that merely half of the respondents were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied about the recreational facilities. Respondent’s opinion about working space Table 4. 16 – Respondents opinion about working space Particulars | No. of respondents| Percentage | Highly satisfied| 33| 27. 5| Moderately satisfied| 58| 48. 33| Neutral | 21| 17. | Moderately dissatisfied| 6| 5| Dissatisfied | 2| 1. 67| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 16 – Respondents opinion about working space Inference It can be clearly seen that 3/4th of the respondents satisfied with the working space. Respondent’s opinion about worst of attrition Table 4. 17 – Respondents opinion about worst of attrition Particulars| No. respondents | Percentage | Cost of recruitment| 43| 35. 83| Loss of production| 18| 15| Loss of knowledge capital| 27| 22. 5| Training cost | 32| 26. 67| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 17 – Respondents opinion about worst of attrition Inference It can be clearly seen that 2/3rd of the respondents feels that cost of recruitment and training cost is worst effect of attrition Respondent’s opinion about the best effect of attrition Table 4. 18 – Respondents opinion about the best effect of attrition Particulars| No. of respondents | Percentage| Removes bottle necks | 39| 32. 5| Entry of new talents| 53| 44. 17| Infuses of new blood| 28| 23. 33| Total | 120| 100| Figure 4. 18 – Respondents opinion about the best effect of attrition Inference It can be clearly seen that merely half of the respondents feels that entry of new talents is the best effect of attrition. Chi – square Experience and dissatisfaction levels in job Table 4. 19 Chi-Square Experience Dissatisfaction | 0 – 2| 3 – 5| 6-8 | Above 8 years| Total | Work pressure | 19| 11| 1| 0| 31| Management decision | 8| 6| 3| 1| 18| Work environment | 0| 2| 3| 1| 6| Pay structure | 14| 28| 6| 0| 48| Others | 7| 6| 4| 0| 17| Total| 48| 53| 17| 2| 120| Null hypothesis H0: There is no significant relationship between the experience and dissatisfaction of job. Alternate hypothesis H1: There is a significant relationship between the experience and dissatisfaction of job. Level of significant: LOS= 95% (. 05%) Degree of freedom: DOF= (M-1) (N-1) = (5-1) (4-1) Degree of freedom = 12 Z tab= 21. 026 2 = ? ( O – E )2/E Expected valued: E = ( row total * column total ) / grand total 2 = 3. 51 + 0. 52 + 2. 61 + 0. 51 + 0. 08 + 0. 47 + 0. 07 + 1. 63 + 2. 4 + 0. 15 +5. 43 + 0. 81 + 1. 4 + 2. 18 + 0. 09 +0. 8 + 0. 005 + 0. 3 + 1. 06 + 0. 28 Z cal = 24. 305 Calculated value tabulated value Zcal ztab H0 is rejected. H1 is accepted There is a significant relationship between the experience and dissatisfaction of job. Spearman rank correlation Table 4. 20 – Ranking for stress and recreational activity Stress| Rank 1| Recreational activity| Rank 2| Difference(D)| (D)2| 12| 5| 10| 5| 0| 0| 17| 4| 20| 3| 1| 1| 29| 2| 49| 1| 1| 1| 38| 1| 23| 2| -1| 1| 24| 3| 18| 4| -1| 1| | | | | ? (D)2| 4| R = 1 – 6? D2 (n (n2 – 1)) = 1 – (6*4) (5 (25-1)) = 1 – 0. 2 R = +0. 8 Since the correlation value (R) is +0. 8 there is a high correlation between the stress and recreational activity. Chapter 5 5. 1 Findings 1. Half of the respondents (47%) are in the age group of 26-35 years. 2. 3/4th of the respondents (68%) were married. 3. Half of the respondents (56%) were qualified post graduates. . Majority of the respondents have an experience of less than 5 years. 5. All the respondents have understood their job. 6. Merely half of the respondent’s (40%) feel that pay structure makes them dissatisfied. 7. 2/3rd of the respondents are not much satisfied with the management policies. 8. 2/3rd of the respondents (39%) feel hike in salary can be offered. 9. Most of the respo ndents ( 39%) feel that external training programs should be conducted 10. All the respondents feel good compensation and hiring suitable person is the best strategy for retention. 1. More than half of the respondents (56%) feel that they get opportunity to learn more. 12. More than half of the respondents (61%) said they can communicate with their superiors at any time. 13. Merely 3/4th of the respondents (70) said their promotion is based on their skills. 14. More than half of the respondents (52%) disagreed that they have stress in their work. 15. Nearly half of the respondents (41%) were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied about the recreational facilities. 16. 3/4th of the respondents (75%) are satisfied with the working space. 17. /3rd of the respondents (36%) feel that due to attrition the cost of recruitment and training increases 18. Nearly half of the respondents (47%) feel that due to attrition there is entry of new talents. 5. 2 Suggestion 1. Management should give good j ob description to employees. 2. The organization should change the pay structure based on the nature of job. 3. The organization should conduct more external training programs to improve the efficiency of the employees. 4. The organization must appoint right person for the right job which will help to reduce attrition. 5. They must have two way communication. 6. The organization should provide more recreational activity to employees to relieve form stress. 7. Career growth and higher education is main cause for attrition in XXX, so the organization can give promotions and hike in salary in regular interval to reduce the attrition level. 8. Cost of recruitment and loss of knowledge capital were the worst effect of attrition, for that the company can follow retention strategies to keep the valuable employees. 9. Even though many retention strategies followed in the organization the best strategy is exit interview, which helps them to identify the reason for attrition. 5. 3 CONCLUSION In global economy many organizations find very difficult to overcome the competition and to retain the employees. Due to attrition the companies not only lose the efficient employees but also spend a lot for recruiting new employees. The study company has moderate attrition since the stress level is low. Even this attrition can be reduced if they follows’ a good retention strategy like increasing the salary in periodic interval. The main cause for employee switching over job in XXX is carrier growth. Thus the organization should not increase the salary but also give promotions to employee to make them satisfy and retain the in organization. By satisfying the employee the attrition level can be reduced. ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE A STUDY ON ATTRITION LEVEL PERSONAL DATA : 1. Name: 2. Designation: 3. Age: a) 18 -25 b) 26 – 35 c) 36 -45 d) above 45 4. Marital status: a) Married b) unmarried 5. Educational Qualification: a) UG b) ITI c) PG e) Others 6. Years of Experience: a) 0 – 2 years b) 3 – 5 years c) 6 – 8 years d) Above 8 years OTHER DATA: 7. How well do you understand your nature of job? ? Not at all ? Not really ? Some what ? Pretty much ? Totally 8. Rate the following factors Particulars| Highly satisfied5| Satisfied4| Neutral3| Dissatisfied2| Highly dissatisfied1| Motivation| | | | | | Appraisal| | | | | | Job challenge| | | | | | Reward| | | | | | Communication with superiors| | | | | | 9. Which of the following makes you to get dissatisfied? a) Work Pressure b) Management decisions c) Working Environment d) Pay structure e) other 10. Do you believe that there is a decrease in your Dissatisfaction level after the management steps? ) Not at all b) Somewhat ok c) Average d) Really good 11. Specify the area where improvement is required internally? ? Employee motivation ? Working environment ?Monetary benefits ? Other 12. Specify the area where improvement is required externally? ? Innovative technology ? External Training programs ? New products ? Others 13. For which of these reasons, you prefer to change the job. Rate the following? Particulars | Rank | Career growth| | Higher stress| | Hig her education| | Health condition| | Family problems| | 14. From these following which retention strategy is the best way to reduce the attrition level? a) Hiring suitable person b) decision making c) good compensation d) good communication e) exit interview 15. There any opportunities to learn forward about your job? a) More b) Less c) No 16. Do you have any freedom to convey your immediate problems to Top-level people..? a) Yes b) No 17. Whether promotion is given based on skill? a) Yes b) No 8. Do you agree there is stress in your job? a) Highly agree b) agree c) neutral d) Disagree c) highly disagree 18. Are you satisfied with the recreation facilities provided by the organization? a) Highly Satisfied b) Moderately satisfied c) Neutral d) Moderately dissatisfied e) Highly dissatisfied 19. Are you satisfied with the working space provided by the organization? ) Highly Satisfied b) Moderately satisfied c) Neutral d) Moderately dissatisfied e) Highly dissatisfied 20. Which is the worst effect of attrition? a) Cost of r ecruitment b) Loss of production c) Loss of knowledge capital d) Training cost 21. Which is the good effect of attrition? a) Removes bottle necks b) Entry of new talents c) Infuses of new blood 22. 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Revolution of music in the 1960s Essay Example For Students

Revolution of music in the 1960s Essay Revolution of Music Music has continued to change throughout each decade, but the 1960s was the most influential decade in the history of music. Starting in the early 1950s, rock music was first introduced. Major record labels were releasing new â€Å"cover songs† which were originally made by black artist, but now by white artist (Rock and Roll). These cover songs changed a few lyrics from the original songs to avoid copyright issues and to also make the song more appropriate for the white listeners. The biggest star of the 1950s was Elvis Presley, who was known as the â€Å"King of rock n’ roll†. Post World War II there was a new generation known as the â€Å"baby boom† generation. The arrival of this new generation called for new entertainment (Rock and Roll). Music of the 1960s was the new entertainment for the baby boom generation and impacted America by: starting new trends in genres of music, opening diversity of artists, counterculture movements, and music festivals. Music tends to follow the trends of its listeners; genres come and go with popularity. Rock and roll was considered to have its golden era in the 1960s (Rock and Roll). It stood out with unforgettable performances by Sly and the Family Stone, The Jefferson Airplane, The Who, Grateful Dead, Santana, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Janis Joplin (Rock and Roll). The Beatles were one of the top rock and roll bands. It is said that their music â€Å"combined the distinct sounds of Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Elvis Presley, and others which shaped a sound that dominated the sixties with its creativity and style† (Holland 105). Jimi Hendrix brought a new style of music called â€Å"acid rock†. He changed the way music was played by experimenting with different melodies, different chords, and by distorting his guitar by hand (Holland110). Another popular genre was folk music which focused its music on sending a message. Popular folk artist gave their own opinions on war, racism civil rights, justice, and the â€Å"establishment† through their music (Holland107). The suggestion of rebellion interested the baby boom generation. Two of the top folk artists from the 1960s were Joan Baez and Bob Dylan. Joan Baez was referred to as a political singer/activist and she was known as the â€Å"Queen of Folk music† (Joan Baez). Bob Dylan created plenty of politically based songs that directly warned specific areas of politics, like congressmen and senators, who wanted to stop the civil rights and peace movements (Holland 107-108). Lastly there was the genre Motown which hit its peak of popularity in the 1960s. It brought a new rhythm called the â€Å"back beat† that was enjoyed because it was easy to dance to. Berry Gordy Jr. started the Motown Company in 1962 and brought up artists like Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Little Stevie Wonder, The Jackson Five, and Diana Ross and the Supremes (Holland 109). All of these artists are well known and still listened to today. The racial diversity of mainstream music in the 1960s was widely spread, which is why this was such a significant decade for music. There was a so called â€Å"British invasion† that took place roughly between 1964 and 1966. British bands like the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, the Animals, the Beatles, and many more came to America bringing their version of rock music with a British twist (British Invasion). The music that theses bands brought over significantly impacted the growth of the baby boom generation. (Holland 106). The Beatles brought a new genre to America which was referred to in Britain as the â€Å"Mersey boat†. It was named after a river that runs through Liverpool, the hometown of the Beatles and other British groups (British Invasion). The Beatles’ I Want to Hold Your Hand was released in America while the band was still in Britain. It was said that â€Å"the single sold at the rate of 10,000 records an hour in New York City alone† (Martin 129), that’s 240,000 records sold in one day. When the Beatles first arrived in the states, the baby boom generation went into frenzy. It is said that, â€Å"The Beatles were the first British group to make it to number one on the U.S. charts† (Martin 129), which is a huge step in the diversity of music. Music, Health and Wellbeing EssayWorks Cited Axlerod, David, Sandra Harmon, Tom Wheadon, Robert Cunniff, and Raymond Siller. Jimi Hendrix- The Dick Cavett Show. The Dick Cavett Show. ABC. New York City, New York, 1969. The Official Jimi Hendrix Site. 2002. Web. 12 Jan. 2012.  . Barker, Steve. Jimi Hendrix: The Complete January 1967 Interview With Steve Barker. Jas Obrecht Music Archive. Ed. Jas Obrecht. 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.  . Beatles. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012. British invasion. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012. Brown, Mick. Joan Baez: Interview Telegraph. Telegraph.co.uk Telegraph Online, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph Telegraph. The Telegraph Media Group Limited 2012, 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.  . Dudley, William. The 1960s. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2000. Print. Americas Decades. Hippies and the Counterculture, 1960-1969 (Overview). American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012 Holland, Gini. The 1960s. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1999. Print. Jimi Hendrix Biography | The Official Jimi Hendrix Site. Jimi Hendrix | The Official Jimi Hendrix Site. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.  . Joan Baez. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012. Martin, Marvin. The Beatles: The Music Was Never the Same. New York: F. Watts, 1996. Print. Obst, Lynda Rosen. The Sixties: The Decade Remembered Now, by the People Who Lived It Then. : Rolling Stone, 1977. Print. Rock and roll. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012. Santana. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 8 Jan. 2012.

Health Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example

Health Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Delia Stoica Grand Canyon University: HLT-310V February 4, 2012 Abstract The following paper describes three different religions: Judaism, Islam and Hinduism. It will detail the spiritual perspective on healing that all three of the faiths have. A description of what is important to their healing and what is important for the healthcare provider to know in caring for people of these faiths. Also there will be a summary of how these faiths differ from Christianity. Introduction The United States is known as a â€Å"melting pot†. This is due to all the different nationalities and faiths that are seen in our country. As healthcare providers we are faced with trying to understand all the different cultures we encounter on a daily basis in a hospital setting. There are many different faiths, some are well known such as Christianity and some are not quite so known such as Hinduism. Different faiths have different rules and regulations that they follow. Knowing all the intricate ins and outs of every religion is going to be impossible, but that should not stop someone from trying to learn all they can regarding the patients they are caring for. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Provider and Faith Diversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Health Provider and Faith Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Health Provider and Faith Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Everyone has probably heard of Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, but that does not mean that a nurse or physician would know all the things that would be different in regards to caring for patients of these different faiths. Hinduism Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. There are six major philosophies in the Hindu religion. One of the major one is Vedanta. Vedanta teaches that â€Å" that mans real nature is divine, and that the aim of human life is to realize divinity through selfless work, devotion to God, control of the inner forces, and discrimination between the real and the unreal. It recognizes that Truth is one and accepts all religions, properly understood, as valid means of realizing the truth (Guidelines, 2002)†. Hindus believe that the body is just a vehicle for the soul, and that when the body dies the soul transfers to another body until it can finally get to be united with God. They recognize that death is a natural part of life and the true self does not die when the body dies. There are a lot of things that the religion accepts which are part of the Western medical practices. Seeking medical attention is something that Hindus will do, but they believe that Western medicines tends to overmedicate their patients, especially with antibiotics which could make them hesitant to start an aggressive treatment plan. Some people of this religion may practice Ayurvedo or homeopathy to cure some problems. This religion allows for blood transfusions and organ transplantation/donations. There is no rule against performing an autopsy if needed. Because this religion practices modesty, women may prefer to be examined by a physician of the same sex. Hindus are very social and family oriented. It is important that the family be involved in the treatment and care of the patient. Women of the Hindu religion wear a red dot on their forehead to symbolize that they are married, some also wear necklaces, bracelets or toe-rings, which are not to be taken off, this is something that needs to be considered if there is a need for a procedure such as an MRI that requires all metals to be removed. Men of this faith wear a â€Å"sacred thread† which is never supposed to be removed. Many Hindus are strict vegetarians and will not eat beef or beef products, if at all possible they should be allowed to bring food from home unless there is a dietary restriction. In situations where there is an end-of-life issue, family needs to be very involved. Hindus do not believe in artificially prolonging life and may prefer to die at home. Because Hindus practice cremation and it needs to be done within 24 hours of death it is critical that all the paperwork is in order quickly. Judaism Judaism is one of the oldest religions still around today. There are Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish followers. Orthodox Jews strictly follow all traditional laws of the religion. The faith holds medical practitioners in high regards and even may break some rules if medical experts believe that it may be life saving. Most Jewish people observe the Sabbath, which is from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, in which they are not allowed to work. In this regard a Jewish patient would not be able to write, use the button for a PCA pump, drive or even turn on a light switch. As healthcare ractitioners we need to keep that in mind when caring for patients during this time. The food they eat is â€Å"kosher† foods, which means that there are special ways of preparing beef. Pork, fish and gelatin are not allowed and neither is beef and milk together. Care needs to be taken with preparation of these foods for these patients, as healthcare providers we need to keep in mind that this is not just an issue of them being picky but an extreme ly important part of their religion. Men in this religion may wear yarmulkes â€Å"skull caps† during prayer and some may wear it all the time (Handbook, 2000). We need to make allowances for up to 10 people in the room during prayer. When dealing with end-of-life issues there are deep debates regarding withholding or withdrawing of life-saving therapy and families may want to consult a rabbi before making any decisions. The Jewish faith requires that burials happen quickly after death and autopsies at not permitted unless required by law. There is a requirement that a family member or representative of the family remain with the body at all times after death until burial, and also that amputated limbs be available for burial. Islam The Islamic religion is slowly becoming one of the largest religions out there. People who follow the Islamic religion are known as Muslims. Islam believes are â€Å" that all events, including health events, are the will of God, Muslim patients may be more likely to display acceptance of difficult circumstances and be compliant with the instructions of health care providers (Healthcare Providers, 2010)†. It is believed that the preservation of life overrides all guidelines, rules and restrictions. This faith requires extreme modesty and for men all body parts between the naval and knees need to be covered, for woman all but the face, hands and feet should be covered at all times when in the presence of anyone outside their family. Muslims are required to pray five times a day on a prayer mat facing Mecca. Patients that are ill can be excused from prayer if it is medically deemed that it is detrimental to their health. Patients are required by their faith to perform ablution with water before prayers and after urination and defecation. Islamic rule is that you use your left hand for dirty and right hand for clean duties. Muslims will prefer to use their right hand to eat and as a healthcare provider if you are feeding a Muslim patient it is preferred that you also use your right hand. Islam has a very strict rule regarding consumption of certain foods. Foods that are not permitted include pork, or pork derivatives and alcohol or alcohol containing foods. This could be a problem when giving certain medication that contains pork or alcohol. Providers should be aware of the medication given to a patient that is Muslim in order for them to follow the halal diet. Islam sees death as a natural part of life. They do not require treatment to be provided if it will only prolong a terminal illness. During end-of-life care, families may want to pray with the patient at bedside. This religion forbids autopsies, unless required by law. In the Islamic faith, burial needs to happen as soon as possible after death. The body should be washed by a family member or representative of the family and not by hospital staff, the body also needs to be covered by a sheet and face Mecca if at all possible. Comparing and Contrasting The previous religions discussed all have certain rules that need to be followed when it comes to dealing with healthcare. Christianity in general does not put any restrictions on healthcare providers. Certain Christian faiths such as Jehovah’s Witnesses do not allow blood transfusions because they feel it is not part of their body. The three religions discussed feel that anything that can be done to safe the person should be done and that life is important. Interestingly enough Hinduism, Judaism and Islamic faiths all have restrictions on food that they deem unclean. The only Christian faiths that have restrictions on food are Catholics and Orthodox Christians, which do not eat meat during Passover. There are many differences between Christianity and other faiths and not too many similarities when it comes to healthcare. Conclusion In doing the research for this paper, there have been a lot of good points brought up in regards to taking care of patients that are of a different faith than myself. It is extremely important to me as a person and as a nurse to know who my patients are and what their beliefs and faiths are. In order to be able to take care of a patient, physically and emotionally we need to know the restrictions that we may face in our everyday dealings with them. Working in a hospital that sees an enormous amount of people from all over the world it is important to keep religion and culture in mind when providing care. Being able to do research and finding all the rules and requirements is a great educational tool to use and will make your patients more apt to trust you if they see that you understand where they are coming from. References Bennion, R. (2000). Handbook on cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs. South Devon Healthcare. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from www. e-radiography. net/nickspdf/Handbook%20on%20beliefs. pdf Guidelines for health care providers interacting with patients of the Hindu religion and their families. (2002). Metropolitan Chicago Healthcare Council. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from info. kyha. com/documents/CG-Hindu. pdf Healthcare providers handbook on Muslim patients. (2010). Queensland Health and Islamic Council of Queensland. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from http://www. health. qld. gov. au/multicultural/health_workers/hbook-muslim.

Organic Compound Names and Formulas (A)

Organic Compound Names and Formulas (A) This is a list of organic compound names and formulas with names starting with the letter A. Abietane - C20H36Abietic acid - C20H30O2Acenaphthene - C12H10Acenaphthoquinone - C12H6O2Acenaphthylene - C12H8Acepromazine - C19H22N2OSAcetal (1,1-diethoxyethane) - C6H14O2Acetaldehyde - C2H4OAcetaldehyde Ammonia Trimer - C6H15N3Acetamide - C2H5NOAcetaminophen - C8H9NO2Acetaminophen (ball and stick model) - C8H9NO2Acetaminosalol - C15H13NO4Acetamiprid - C10H11ClN4Acetanilide - C6H5NH(COCH3)Acetic acid - CH3COOHAcetoguanamine - C4H7N5Acetone - CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2COAcetone (space filling model) - CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2COAcetonitrile - C2H3NAcetophenone - C8H8Oacetyl chloride - C2H3ClOAcetylcholine – (CH3)3NCH2CH2OCOCH3.Acetylene - C2H2N-Acetylglutamate - C7H11NO5Acetylsalicylic Acid - C9H8O4 (also known as Aspirin)Acid fuchsin - C20H17N3Na2O9S3Acridine - C13H9NAcridine orange - C17H19N3Acrolein - C3H4OAcrylamide - C3H5NOAcrylic acid - C3H4O2Acrylonitrile - C3H3NAcryloyl chloride - C3H3ClOAcyclovir - C8H11N5O3Adamantane - C10H16Adenosine - C10H13N5O4Adipamide - C6H12N2O2Adipic acid - C6H10O4Adiponitrile - C6H8N2Adipoyl dichloride - C6H8Cl2O2Adonitol - C5H12O5Adrenochrome - C9H9NO3Epinephrine (adrenaline) - C9H13NO3AflatoxinAIBN (2-2-azobisisobutyronitrile)Alanine - C3H7NO2D-Alanine - C3H7NO2L-Alanine - C3H7NO2AlbuminsAlcian blue - C56H58Cl14CuN16S4Aldosterone - C21H28O5Aldrin - C12H8Cl6Aliquat 336 - C25H54ClNAlizarin - C14H8O4Allantoic acid - C4H8N4O4Allantoin - C4H6N4O3Allegra - C32H39NO4AllethrinAllyl propyl disulfide - C6H12S2Allylamine - C3H7NAllyl chloride - C3H5ClAmide general structureAmido black 10b - C22H14N6Na2O9S2p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) - C7H7NO2Aminoethylpiperazine - C6H15N35-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid - C7H7NO3Aminophylline - C16H24N10O45-Aminosalicylic acid - C7H7NO3Aminothiazole - C3H4N2SAmiodarone - C25H29I2NO3Amiton - C10H24NO3PSAmobarbital - C11H18N2O3Amoxicillin - C16H19N3O5S.3H2OAmphetamine - C9H13NAmyl nitrate - C5H11NO3Amyl nitrite - C5H11NO2Anandamide - C22H37NO2Anethole - C10H12OAngelic acid - C5H8O2Anilazine - C9H5Cl3N4Anil ine - C6H5 -NH2 /C6H7NAniline hydrochloride - C6H8ClNAnisaldehyde - C8H8O2Anisole - C6H5OCH2Anisoyl chloride - C8H7ClO2Anthanthrene - C22H12anthracene – (C6H4CH)2Anthramine - C14H11NAnthranilic acid - C7H7NO2Anthraquinone - C14H8O2Anthrone - C14H10OAntipyrine - C11H12N2OAprotinin - C284H432N84O79S7Arabinose - C5O10H5Arginine - C6H14N4O2D-Arginine - C6H14N4O2L-Arginine - C6H14N4O2Aroclor (polychlorinated biphenyls) - C12H10-xClx, where x 1Arsole - C4H5AsAscorbic acid (vitamin C) - C6H8O6Asparagine - C4H8N2O3D-Asparagine - C4H8N2O3L-Asparagine - C4H8N2O3Asparagusic acid - C4H6O2S2Aspartame - C14H18N2O5Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4D-Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4L-Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4Aspidofractinine - C19H24N2Asphidophytidine - C17H22ClN3Aspidospermidine - C19H26N2Astra blue - C47H52CuN14O6S3Atrazine - C8H14ClN5Auramine O - C8H14ClN5Aureine - C18H25NO5Aurin - C19H14O3Avobenzone - C20H22O3Azadirachtin - C35H44O16Azathioprine - C9H7N7O2SAzelaic acid - C9H16O4Azepane - C6H13NAzinphos-met hyl - C10H12N3O3PS2Aziridine - C2H5NAzithromycin - C38H72N2O122-2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)Azo violet - C12H9N3O4Azobenzene - C12H10N2Azulene - C10H8Azure A - C14H14ClN3S

What I learned IN and OUTSIDE of college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What I learned IN and OUTSIDE of college - Essay Example Professionally, college has prepared me by equipping me with some of the important aspects of my professional life. First and for most it has provided me with the basic skills I need for my professional life. Communication skills’, being one of the basics and the strongest points of education is effectively instilled in me. All college programs requires’ students to undertake at least communication and speech work courses (Upcraft, John, Gardner and Betsy 4). These two skills provides’ the ability for one to effectively communicate and enhances one public speaking abilities. In any job opportunity, communication and speech work is highly demanded. Every boss like workers who can listen to instructions, communicate effectively to co-workers and have presentations effectively without misinformation. All these abilities are in communication skills and speech work, learnt in college thus puts meaning and value to college. Another vital skill enhanced by colleges is writing abilities. College programs require students to write cover letters, essays, and perform arithmetic, which are all important. It would be difficult to write work that is presentable to my boss, which is a requirement for any job. Presentable work needs to be in a logical sequence that can easily be followed and understood, thus without college one would write with the basic writing skills, but without the logical order making communication through writing to be difficult. In addition, while in college one is able to specialize in the field of interest. This provides one with the opportunity to master the trade, thus, enhances ones performance abilities and increases productivity. Subsequently, college has enhanced my social abilities. While in college, many tasks are through group work projects. This has enhanced my social life as it has allowed me to interact with my group members and add value to them, thus

Techniques in Problem Solving and Decision Making Assignment

Techniques in Problem Solving and Decision Making - Assignment Example To clearly proffer issues pertaining to the management of abovementioned concerns, it is appropriate to describe briefly one’s personal background and personality. Being part of a large family, one was accorded the privilege to interact not only with the nuclear family but with the extended family, as well. The experience provided one with the opportunity to be nourished with love and affection required to gain enough skills to interact with other people. One was initially shy and timid but the constant interaction with family members and friends in school developed communication skills and enhanced understanding of conflict resolution and negotiation. Likewise, when one belongs to a large family, there are tasks and responsibilities that were assigned at a fairly young age to develop a sense of independence and the discipline to achieve defined objectives through the accomplishment of simple tasks and duties. It is through this training that the concept of time management was initially introduced and slowly developed. Concurrently, the skills for problem-solving and decision making were guided and assisted through supervisory governance and with the assistance of more mature family members. Problem-solving and decision-making skills were likewise fully developed through the various academic levels given as part of complying with the educational requirements in courses and projProblem-solving or one’s ability to control time was part of one’s personal training to improve study habits and to accomplish simple tasks. I remember that my grandfather was very strict and disciplinarian due to his previous work experience as a law enforcer. His expectations require family members to adhere to specific time schedules and to finish tasks immediately.  

Strategic Analysis of Amazon.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Analysis of Amazon.com - Essay Example Amazon.com is an on-line retail company established in 1994 by Jeff Bezos and based in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. The company, ranked 273 last year amongst Fortune 500 companies in America, began as a seller of books through the Internet but has grown into what is essentially a technology and logistics business enterprise, selling services such as Web hosting and supply chain management, and brand new and used products purchased from distributors, manufacturers, and publishers. The company operates seven retail Web sites, two search and navigation sites, and a movie database site (Amazon.com, 2006a). As of December 13, 2006 the company had annual revenues of $9.7 billion, EBITDA of $567 million, net income of $292 million, and some 12,000 employees worldwide. Table 1 shows a summary of how NASDAQ-listed Amazon.com compares with its competitors in the Internet Software and Services such as e-Bay and Barnes and Noble (Yahoo.com, 2006). Amongst the various manners of conducting a strategic analysis, this paper will focus on popular techniques such as SWOT (Ansoff, 1965; Chandler, 1962), PESTEL (Andrews, 1987), and Porter’s Five Forces model and Generic Strategies (Porter, 1980 and 1985). SWOT-PESTEL For this first part, we combine the SWOT-PESTEL approach. The SWOT analysis is so-called because of the acronym of four factors required for assessing the organisation’s internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) environments. The PESTEL analysis considers six environmental factors that affect the enterprise and its business: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. The strengths of Amazon.com are its customer-centred focus, the quality of its technology infrastructure, supply chain management experience, its brand name, and its huge database of global customers. Amongst its major weaknesses are product innovation (it sells for others), technology infrastructure utilisation, and a sagging stock price (down 22.3% in the last year) that opens it to takeover risk from other Internet (e-Bay and Google) or software (Microsoft) giants. The more important opportunities are the growth of on-line shopping and the need to innovate products and services to continue growing sales to generating higher margins and profits. These would address the threat from an increasing number of competitors that are eating into the business activity (on-line shopping) it used to dominate. The following PESTEL factors affect the industry and Amazon.com: Political: American legislation on taxation of on-line transactions threatens to reduce usage and margins. Economic: Slowdown in consumer spending in countries with high Internet penetration would drag down profits and margins. Retail giants (Wal-Mart and Tesco) would compete with Internet service providers. Social: Potential backlash from Internet users and competing brick-and-mortar retail shops that discover the anti-social effects of on-line transactions. Technological: Web 2.0 Internet technology is deemed to have a different set of users and protocols that may attract new upstart dotcoms as competitors. The fast obsolescence of the company's technology needs to be utilised and depreciated quickly. Security concerns of on-line transactions remain. Environmental: Server farms are ugly and consume huge amounts of energy. Legal: The risk of identity theft opens Internet companies to

Analysis of Eco-Friendly Bricks

Analysis of Eco-Friendly Bricks SMART MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION: DEFINITION : Smart materials are reactive materials. Their properties can be changed by exposure to stimuli, such as electric and magnetic fields, stress, moisture and temperature.(BBC UK) The smart material can of Wood Metal Ceramics Polymers Metals etc In construction these sort of materials are used to achieve the desired strength, they should be economical and prove beneficial to the environment and to the stakeholders. A large number of innovations are seen in this modern world e.g. self healing concrete ,green cement ,carbon neutral cements etc. The materials , which have been recently invented by two MIT students and Professor Carmen Trudall are eco blac brick and Breathe bricks respectively. The detailed analysis of such an inventions are discussed below ECO FRIENDLY BRICKs: INTRODUCTION : Brick is mostly considered as a major component of a building. It is found generally in a rectangular shape with different dimensions. They are famous for their strength at low cost. These bricks when introduced to high temperature during their manufacturing. These kilns are mainly operated by coal and diesel resulting in harmful waste affecting both the environment and the people working in these kilns. NEED OF ECO FRIENDLY BRICKS: Currently the modern world is facing some serious environmental issues , which is resulting in global warming . the fuel used for these kilns are the major contributors to the pollution and the environment is exposed directly to them. In todays day ,the think tanks of the industry and the environmental agencies are trying to make building more greener and at least carbon neutral. Moreover, recently a Chinese artist made a brick from the pollutants entrapped in the air. This shocked the whole country and then the authorities came into action and started to take the environmental issues seriously. For the purposes mentioned above ,it is important to use these sort of bricks to make the environment more greener. ECO BLAC BRICK: The idea of these bricks was first introduced by the students of MIT with the aim that how to manufacture bricks without using kilns. Fig :showing a typical blac brick These bricks are mainly made from boiler ash. Boiler ash is an ash produced by the burning of various materials, mainly paper ,wood etc in the factories or anywhere else. Boiler ash is mainly dumped in the land ,resulting in clogging . The boiler ash is combined with the alkali activation technology .This technology utilizes the boiler ash as an alumino-silicate,fusing it with an alkaline activator solution. When they are combined, the ash dissolves, followed by the construction of a geo-polymer gel, a solid 3D network that gives the bricks strength and durability. This solution reuses industrial waste (70% in the current model) rather than topsoil, and is low-cost and low energy. By using a chemical reaction rather than firing, the bricks gain strength at ambient temperatures, not requiring the massive consumption of coal (roughly 24 million tons annually) in traditional clay-fired brick production. This process also produces no emissions, unlike the traditional kiln technology, which produces carbon dioxide (roughly 76 million tons CO2/ year), carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and particulate matter.(arch daily) These bricks when subjected to different test , had more durability, showed more water resistance and had more compressive strength then the normal clay brick. SALIENT FEATURES: Some features of these bricks are: better for human health than an ordinary brick. better for the environment . better in resource . Less CO2 emissions. Waste consumption. BREATHE BRICKS: Breathe bricks are invented by a Carmen Trudell, an assistant professor at Cal Poly San Luis Obispos school of architecture . Fig :showing a breathe brick Fig showing Breathe brick section The Breathe Brick is designed on an idea to form a part of a buildings regular ventilation system, with a double-layered facade ,exterior of the building is made of these special bricks , accompanied by a standard internal layer providing insulation. At the mid , the breathe bricks function is cyclone filtration, an idea inspired from modern vacuum cleaners, which separates out the heavy pollutant particles from the air and drops them into a removable hopper at the base of the wall. Fig showing : structural gravity and lateral loading system of a breathe brick The system is composed of two key parts: concrete bricks, and a recycled plastic coupler, which both helps to align bricks and creates a route from the outside into the bricks hollow centre. The concrete bricks themselves feature a faceted surface which helps to direct airflow into the system, and a separate cavity for inserting steel structure. The Breathe Brick can perform multiple functions i.e. mechanical and passive ventilation systems, as the brick simply transports strained air into the walls general assembly, this air can then be sent to the buildings interior through mechanical equipment or through filter vents driven by passive systems such as stack ventilation In wind tunnel tests, the system was found more efficient filtering 30% of fine particles (such as airborne pollutants) and 100% of coarse particles such as dust. As the entire system is relatively inexpensive, the Trudell posits the Breathe Brick as a way to lower pollution levels in developing countries, where rapid expansion of industry and less stringent environmental regulations often cause problems. ADVANTAGES OF ECOFRIENDLY BRICKS: Cost efficient High strength Water resistant Eco friendly Carbon neutral Top soil preserved Low amount of mortar used Less labour affected No use of kilns No use of fuels Helping agriculture Conclusion: To conclude, the bricks made of clay has strength but are major contributors to the pollution as on other hand the eco bricks which are made from wastes is useful for the environment as well as the people. With equivalent stent as the ordinary bricks these brisk can take over the future and has the ability to replace these bricks in the near future. REFERENCING https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8

The Problems of Illegal Immigration :: Cons of Illegal Immigration, Immigrants

Abstract Engraved in the Statue of Liberty are these words: â€Å"Give me your tired, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore, send these, the homeless, tempest tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door†(Cooper). When the United States was created, it encouraged people of all backgrounds to immigrate. America is known as â€Å"a land of hope and opportunity†. Today, immigrating legally to the United States is a life experience that few are fortunate to experience. Many are forced to immigrate illegally. The United States has created many precautions to stop people from immigrating to the United States, but thousands of people still continue to move to the US illegally. As a result, millions of dollars are spent from tax payers’ money on illegal immigrants. While illegal immigration is beneficial to the United States, it comes with costs and therefore has become an issue that has grown out of control. The amount of illegal residents that now reside in the United States has grown rapidly over the last few years. Two million illegal immigrants have entered the United States since 2000 and there are a reported 10 million illegal immigrants living in the United States today. There are those who believe that illegals are a burden to the United States’ society. Many believe that illegal immigrants take necessary tax payers’ money. â€Å"Illegal immigration costs U.S. taxpayers about $113 billion a year at the federal, state and local level. The bulk of the costs — some $84 billion — are absorbed by state and local governments.†(Fiscal Burden). Legal US citizens are angered that people come to the United States and â€Å"leech off† of the economy without paying taxes. In opposition is the belief that illegal immigrants are not only beneficial to the United States, but necessary. â€Å"Contrary to most popular conceptions, most experts say illegals are probably not a net drain on the economy† (Nadadur). In fact, illegals do more good than otherwise known. As well, illegal immigrants continue to keep the economy running by working at a minimum wage and doing a majority of the work that otherwise would not want to be done. Immigrating illegally is a risk of a person’s life, but, at times, retreating to the United States is sometimes a last option In turn, if we did not have illegal immigrants working in the US, the United States might not be as accomplished as it is today.

Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes Essay

Gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that is first recognized during pregnancy. The condition occurs in approximately 4% of all pregnancies. What Causes Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy Almost all women have some degree of impaired glucose intolerance as a result of hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. That means that their blood sugar may be higher than normal, but not high enough to have diabetes. During the later part of pregnancy (the third trimester), these hormonal changes place pregnant woman at risk for gestational diabetes. During pregnancy, increased levels of certain hormones made in the placenta (the organ that connects the baby by the umbilical cord to the uterus) help shift nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. Other hormones are produced by the placenta to help prevent the mother from developing low blood sugar. They work by resisting the actions of insulin. Over the course of the pregnancy, these hormones lead to progressive impaired glucose intolerance (higher blood sugar levels). To try to decrease blood sugar levels, the body makes more insulin to get glucose into cells to be used for energy. Usually the mother’s pancreas is able to produce more insulin (about three times the normal amount) to overcome the effect of the pregnancy hormones on blood sugar levels. If, however, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome the effect of the increased hormones during pregnancy, blood sugar levels will rise, resulting in gestational diabetes. Complications of Gestational Diabetes Diabetes can affect the developing fetus throughout the pregnancy. In early pregnancy, a mother’s diabetes can result in birth defects and an increased rate of miscarriage. Many of the birth defects that occur affect major organs such as the brain and heart. During the second and third trimester, a mother’s diabetes can lead to over-nutrition and excess growth of the baby. Having a large baby increases risks during labor and delivery. For example, large babies often require caesarean deliveries and if he or she is delivered vaginally, they are at increased risk for trauma to their shoulder. In addition, when fetal over-nutrition occurs and hyperinsulinemia  results, the baby’s blood sugar can drop very low after birth, since it won’t be receiving the high blood sugar from the mother. However, with proper treatment, you can deliver a healthy baby despite having diabetes. Risks for Gestational Diabetes: The following factors increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy Being overweight prior to becoming pregnant (if you are 20% or more over your ideal body weight) Being a member of a high risk ethnic group (Hispanic, Black, Native American, or Asian) Having sugar in your urine Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose (blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to be diabetes) Family history of diabetes (if your parents or siblings have diabetes Previously giving birth to a baby over 9 pounds Previously giving birth to a stillborn baby Having gestational diabetes with a previous pregnancy Having too much amniotic fluid (a condition called polyhydramnios) Many women who develop gestational diabetes have no known risk factors. Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed: High risk women should be screened for gestational diabetes as early as possible during their pregnancies. All other women will be screened between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy. To screen for gestational diabetes, you will take a test called the oral glucose tolerance test. This test involves quickly drinking a sweetened liquid, which contains 50g of sugar. The body absorbs this sugar rapidly, causing blood sugar levels to rise within 30-60 minutes. A blood sample will be taken from a vein in your arm 1 hour after drinking the solution. The blood test measures how the sugar solution was metabolized (processed by the body). A blood sugar level greater than or equal to 140mg/dL is recognized as abnormal. If your results are abnormal based on the oral glucose tolerance test, another test will be given after fasting for several hours. In women at high risk of developing gestational diabetes, a normal screening test result is followed up with another screening test at 24-28 weeks f or confirmation of the diagnosis. Gestational diabetes is managed by: Monitoring blood sugar levels four times per day before breakfast and 2 hours after meals. Monitoring blood sugar before all meals may also become necessary. Monitoring urine for ketones, an acid that indicates your diabetes is not under control. Following specific dietary guidelines as instructed by your doctor. You’ll be asked to distribute your calories evenly throughout the day. Exercising after obtaining your health care provider’s permission. Monitoring weight gain. Taking insulin, if necessary. Insulin is currently the only diabetes medication used during pregnancy. Controlling high blood pressure. Monitor Sugar Levels Testing your blood sugar at certain times of the day will help determine if your exercise and eating patterns are keeping your blood sugar levels in control, or if you need extra insulin to protect your developing baby. Your health care provider will ask you to maintain a daily food record and ask you to record your home sugar levels. Testing your blood sugar involves pricking your finger with a lancet device (a small, sharp needle), putting a drop of blood on a test strip, using a blood sugar meter to display your results, recording the results in a log book, and then disposing the lancet and strips properly (in a â€Å"sharps† container or a hard plastic container, such as a laundry detergent bottle). Bring your blood sugar readings with you to your medical appointments so your health care provider can evaluate how well your blood sugar levels are controlled and determine if changes need to be made to your treatment plan. Your health care provider will show you how to use a glucose meter. He or she can also tell you where to get a meter. You may be able to borrow it from your hospital, as many hospitals have loaner meter programs for women with gestational diabetes. The goal of monitoring is to keep your blood sugar as close to normal as possible. The ranges include Time of TestTarget Blood Sugar Reading Before breakfastplasma below 105; whole blood below 95 2 Hours After Mealsplasma below 130; whole blood below 120 Insulin treatment is started if above levels are not maintained. Insulin for  Gestational Diabetes Based on your blood sugar monitoring results, your health care provider will tell you if you need to take insulin in the form of injections during pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone that controls blood sugar. If insulin is prescribed for you, you may be taught how to perform the insulin injection procedure. As your pregnancy progresses, the placenta will make more pregnancy hormones and larger doses of insulin may be needed to control your blood sugar. Your health care provider will adjust your insulin dosage based on your blood sugar log. When using insulin, a â€Å"low blood glucose reaction,† or hypoglycemia can occur if you do not eat enough food, skip a meal, do not eat at the right time of day, or if you exercise more than usual. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include Confusion, Dizziness, Feeling shaky, Headaches, Sudden hunger, Sweating, Weakness Hypoglycemia is a serious problem that needs to be treated right away. If you think you are having a low blood sugar reaction, check your blood sugar. If your blood sugar is less than 60 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter), eat a sugar-containing food, such as 1/2 cup of orange or apple juice; 1 cup of skim milk; 4-6 pieces of hard candy (not sugar-free); 1/2 cup regular soft drink; or 1 tablespoon of honey, brown sugar, or corn syrup. Fifteen minutes after eating one of the foods listed above, check your blood sugar. If it is still less than 60 mg/dL, eat another one of the food choices above. If it is more than 45 minutes until your next meal, eat a bread and protein source to prevent another reaction. Record all low blood sugar reactions in your log book, including the date, time of day the reaction occurred and how you treated it. Diet Change with Gestational Diabetes If you have gestational diabetes, follow these eating tips: Eat three small meals and two or three snacks at regular times every day. Do not skip meals or snacks. Carbohydrates should be 40%-45% of the total calories with breakfast and a bedtime snack containing 15-30 grams of carbohydrates. If you have morning sickness, eat 1-2 servings of crackers, cereal, or pretzels before getting out of bed. Eat small, frequent meals  throughout the day and avoid fatty, fried, and greasy foods. If you take insulin and have morning sickness, make sure you know how to treat low blood sugar. Choose foods high in fiber such as whole-grain breads, cereals, pasta, rice, fruits, and vegetables. All pregnant women should eat 20-35 grams of fiber a day. Fats should be less than 40% of calories with less than 10% consumed being from saturated fats. Drink at least 8 cups (or 64 ounces) of liquids per day. Make sure you are getting enough vitamins and minerals in your daily diet. Ask your health care provider about taking a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement to meet the nutritional needs of your pregnancy. Regular exercise during pregnancy can improve your posture and decrease some common discomforts such as backaches and fatigue. Being fit during pregnancy means safe, mild to moderate exercise at least three times a week. But, regardless of gestational diabetes, every pregnant woman should consult with her health care provider before beginning an exercise program. He or she can give you personal exercise guidelines, based on your medical history. Since both insulin and exercise lower blood sugar, you should follow these additional exercise guidelines to avoid a low blood glucose reaction: Always carry some form of sugar with you when exercising, such as glucose tablets or hard candy. Eat one serving of fruit or the equivalent of 15 grams of carbohydrate for most activities lasting 30 minutes. If you exercise right after a meal, eat this snack after exercise. If you exercise 2 hours or more after a meal, eat the snack before exercise. Pregnancy Weight Gain The recommended amount of weight gain during pregnancy depends on your pre-pregnancy weight, whether there is more than one fetus, and the trimester. Typically more weight gain is expected during the second and third trimester and recommended intakes of calories should increase at that time. Gaining the right amount of weight during pregnancy by eating a healthy, balanced diet is a good sign that your baby is getting all the nutrients he or she needs and is growing at a healthy rate. It is not necessary to â€Å"eat for two† during pregnancy. It’s true that you need extra calories from nutrient-rich foods to help your baby grow, but you generally  need to consume only 200 to 300 more calories per day than you did before you became pregnant to meet the needs of your growing baby. Ask your health care provider how much weight you should gain during pregnancy. A woman of average weight before pregnancy can expect to gain 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. You may need to gain more or less weight, depending on what your doctor recommends. In general, you should gain about 2-4 pounds during your first 3 months of pregnancy and 1 pound a week for the remainder of your pregnancy. Where the weight goes Baby8 pounds Placenta2-3 pounds Amniotic fluid2-3 pounds Breast tissue2-3 pounds Blood supply4 pounds Fat stores for delivery and breastfeeding5-9 pounds Uterus increase2-5 pounds Total25 to 35 pounds Baby After Delivery Your baby’s blood sugar level will be tested immediately after birth. If the blood sugar is low, he or she will be given sugar water to drink or by an intravenous tube in the vein. Your baby may be sent to a special care nursery for observation during the first few hours after birth to make sure he or she doesn’t have a low blood glucose reaction. If you had gestational diabetes, there is an increased risk that your newborn will develop jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin that occurs when bilirubin is present in the baby’s blood. Bilirubin is a pigment that causes jaundice and is released when extra red blood cells build up in the blood and can’t be processed fast enough. Jaundice goes away rapidly with treatment that often involves exposing your baby to special lights to get rid of the pigment. Gestational diabetes does increase the risk that your child will have diabetes in the future. Usually with gestational diabetes, blood sugar levels return to normal about 6 weeks after childbirth because the placenta, which was producing the extra hormones that caused insulin  resistance, is gone. Your doctor will check your blood sugar levels after your baby is born to make sure your blood sugar level has returned to normal. Some doctors recommend an oral glucose tolerance test 6-8 weeks after delivery to check for diabetes. You should also be screened for diabetes in the future. Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 60% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later-in-life. By maintaining an ideal body weight, following a healthy diet, and exercising, you will be able to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In addition, women who have gestational diabetes during one pregnancy have a 40%-50% chance of developing diabetes in the next pregnancy. If you had gestational diabetes during one pregnancy and are planning to get pregnant again, talk to your health care provider first so you can make the necessary lifestyle changes before your next pregnancy. Get tips on eating right with Diabetes by consulting with a dietician or your primary care physician. Sources American Diabetes Association: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes.† Diabetes Care 2008 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes: A Guide for Pregnant Women.† August 2009 American College of Nurse Midwives: â€Å"Gestational Diabetes.† JMWH org. 135 2006